介绍
制造企业的可持续竞争力依赖于其自身控制成本、交付、柔性和质量的能力1。智能制造系统（SMS）试图通过先进技术促进数字信息在制造系统内及制造系统之间的快速流动和广泛应用234。SMS正驱使着美国制造业向更敏捷、更高质量、更有效率的生产发展，从而提升长期竞争力。特别是，SMS将信息通讯技术与智能软件应用用于
- 优化劳动力、原材料和能源满足个性化生产、及时交付高质量的产品。
- 快速响应市场需求与供应链变化
智能制造，不同于其他基于技术的制造范式，它定义了下一代提升能力的制造愿景。它建立在新兴信息与通讯技术之上综合实现了早期制造范式的特点。
| 智能制造特点 | 其他制造范式 | 主要技术 |
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精益制造 制造系统中的一组工具用以发现并消除制造过程中的各种浪费。 |
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| 柔性制造 利用整合制造设备模块与物料在计算机控制下管理设备生产改变数量、工艺和类型的产品。 |
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| 绿色制造 用最小的负面环境影响制造产品同时节约能源和自然资源并提高人员安全。 |
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| 数字制造 在产品生命周期使用数字技术改进产品、工艺与企业绩效并减少制造时间和成本。 |
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| 云制造 一种基于云计算和面向服务架构的分散的网络制造形式。 |
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| 智能制造 基于人工智能的智能生产，能够自动适应环境变化和不同工艺需要，最小化人工干预。 |
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| 全能制造 应用代理动态分发制造过程，可以动态且连续的适应变化。 |
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| 敏捷制造 利用有效的过程、工具和培训使制造系统快速响应客户需求和市场变化同时控制成本和质量。 |
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In 2014 in the United States, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) issued a report that identified three top-priority transformative manufacturing technologies: Advanced Sensing, Control, and Platforms for Manufacturing; Visualization, Informatics and Digital Manufacturing Technologies; and Advanced Materials Manufacturing 5. The first two of the technologies enhance the manufacturer’s ability to respond to information quickly and efficiently. They, in turn, rely on the effective information flow and system responsiveness that only standards can provide. The PCAST further noted that standards “spur the adoption of new technologies, products and manufacturing methods. Standards allow a more dynamic and competitive marketplace, without hampering the opportunity to differentiate. Development and adoption of standards reduce the risks for enterprises developing solutions and for those implementing them, accelerating adoption of new manufactured products and manufacturing methods.”
Standards are the building blocks that provide for repeatable processes and the composition of different technological solutions to achieve a robust end result. Standards come in many varieties and forms. Standards.gov 6 and OMB Circular A-119 [46] describe, in some detail, the variety of forms standards can take. The standards that we will discuss are primarily “voluntary consensus standards.” This means they are set by a standards organization based on the consensus of the partners who will be using them. In addition, these types of standards are enforced by voluntary compliance. Such standards are designed to open new market opportunities to their users. The standards supporting SMS range from those for information technology and communication through those that govern enterprises and supply chains.
This paper presents an SMS standards’ landscape based on a definition of a smart-manufacturing ecosystem that encompasses three dimensions – product, production systems, and enterprise (business) systems. The landscape associates standards with the lifecycle phases in each dimension. Section 2 presents key capabilities and the manufacturing ecosystem as the convergence of the three different lifecycle perspectives in operational manufacturing systems. It also identifies areas where the integration of functions within and across these dimensions will result in systems that are more effective. Section 3 describes the landscape in terms of key standards’ organizations working in the area, types of standards in each of the three dimensions, and the manufacturing pyramid where the dimensions intersect. Finally, we discuss areas of opportunity for future standards in terms of the smart manufacturing capabilities.
1. Strategos-International. Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing, http://www.strategosinc.com/toyota_production.htm ↩
2. Flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems paradigms, Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2006) 17:261–276 DOI 10.1007/s10696-006-9028-7 ↩
3. Glossary of Sustainable Manufacturing Terms, EPA, http://archive.epa.gov/sustainablemanufacturing/web/html/glossary.html ↩
4. DOE-FOA-0001263 Manufacturing innovation institute for smart manufacturing: advanced sensors, controls, platforms, and modeling for manufacturing. ↩
5. Cloud-Based Manufacturing: Old Wine in New Bottles? , Proceedings of the 47th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems ↩
6. http://www.astri.org/technologies/initiatives/intelligent-manufaturing/ ↩