Introduction
A manufacturer’s sustainable competitiveness depends on its capabilities with respect to cost, delivery, flexibility, and quality1. Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMS) attempt to maximize those capabilities by using advanced technologies that promote rapid flow and widespread use of digital information within and between manufacturing systems2 3 4. SMS are driving unprecedented gains in production agility, quality, and efficiency across U.S. manufacturers, improving long-term competitiveness. Specifically, SMS use information and communication technologies along with intelligent software applications to
制造企业的可持续竞争力依赖于其自身控制成本、交付、柔性和质量的能力1。智能制造系统（SMS）试图通过先进技术促进数字信息在制造系统内及制造系统之间的快速流动和广泛应用。SMS正驱使着美国制造业向更敏捷、更高质量、更有效率的生产发展，从而提升长期竞争力。特别是，SMS将信息通讯技术与智能软件应用用于
- Optimize the use of labor, material, and energy to produce customized, high-quality products for on-time delivery. 优化劳动力、原材料和能源满足个性化生产、及时交付高质量的产品。
- Quickly respond to changes in market demands and supply chains. 快速响应市场需求与供应链变化
Smart manufacturing, different from other technology-based manufacturing paradigms, defines a vision of next-generation manufacturing with enhanced capabilities. It is built on emerging information and communication technologies and enabled by combining features of earlier manufacturing paradigms. Table 1 shows the relationship between SMS and previous manufacturing paradigms. 智能制造，不同于其他基于技术的制造范式，它定义了下一代提升能力的制造愿景。它建立在新兴信息与通讯技术之上综合实现了早期制造范式的特点。
表1：智能制造与其他制造范式
| Smart Manufacturing Characteristics 智能制造特点 |
Other Manufacturing Paradigms 其他制造范式 |
Enabling Technology 主要技术 |
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Lean Manufacturing 精益制造 Emphasis on utilizing a set of "tools" that assist in the identification and steady elimination of all kinds of waste in a manufacturing system. 制造系统中的一组工具用以发现并消除制造过程中的各种浪费。 |
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| Flexible Manufacturing 柔性制造 Utilizing an integrated system of manufacturing machine modules and material handling equipment under computer control to produce products with changed volume, process and types. 利用整合制造设备模块与物料在计算机控制下管理设备生产改变数量、工艺和类型的产品。 |
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| Sustainable Manufacturing 绿色制造 Creating products with minimal negative environmental impacts while conserving energy and natural resources and enhancing human safety. 用最小的负面环境影响制造产品同时节约能源和自然资源并提高人员安全。 |
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| Digital Manufacturing 数字制造 Using digital technology through product lifecycle to improve product, process, and enterprise performance and reduce the time and cost of manufacturing. 在产品生命周期使用数字技术改进产品、工艺与企业绩效并减少制造时间和成本。 |
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| Cloud Manufacturing 云制造 A form of decentralized and networked manufacturing based on cloud computing, and service-oriented architecture(SOA). 一种基于云计算和面向服务架构的分散的网络制造形式。 |
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| Intelligent Manufacturing 智能制造 Implementing artificial intelligence based intelligent production that can automatically adapt to changing environments and varying process requirements, with minimal intervention form human. 基于人工智能的智能生产，能够自动适应环境变化和不同工艺需要，最小化人工干预。 |
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| Holonic Manufacturing 全能制造 Applying agents to a dynamic and decentralized manufacturing process, so that changes can be made dynamically and continuously. 应用代理动态分散制造过程，可以动态且连续的适应变化。 |
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| Agile Manufacturing 敏捷制造 Utilizing effective processes, tools, and training to enable manufacturing systems to respond quickly to customer needs and market changes while still controlling costs and quality. 利用有效的过程、工具和培训使制造系统快速响应客户需求和市场变化同时控制成本和质量。 |
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In 2014 in the United States, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) issued a report that identified three top-priority transformative manufacturing technologies: Advanced Sensing, Control, and Platforms for Manufacturing; Visualization, Informatics and Digital Manufacturing Technologies; and Advanced Materials Manufacturing 5. The first two of the technologies enhance the manufacturer’s ability to respond to information quickly and efficiently. They, in turn, rely on the effective information flow and system responsiveness that only standards can provide. The PCAST further noted that standards “spur the adoption of new technologies, products and manufacturing methods. Standards allow a more dynamic and competitive marketplace, without hampering the opportunity to differentiate. Development and adoption of standards reduce the risks for enterprises developing solutions and for those implementing them, accelerating adoption of new manufactured products and manufacturing methods.”
2014年美国总统科学与技术顾问委员会发布了一份报告指出三大改变制造业的技术：高级感知、控制与制造平台；可视化、信息学与数字化制造技术；先进材料制造。前两个技术提升制造企业快速且有效率的响应信息的能力。它们只能够通过标准化实现信息流的有效响应和系统响应能力。美国总统科学与技术顾问委员会进一步指出“激励新技术、新产品和新的制造方法的应用。标准允许一个更为动态和更有竞争的市场，减少差异性竞争机会的束缚。发展和应用标准以减少企业开发解决方案和实施的风险，加速新型制造产品和制造方法的应用。”
Standards are the building blocks that provide for repeatable processes and the composition of different technological solutions to achieve a robust end result. Standards come in many varieties and forms. Standards.gov 6 and OMB Circular A-119 [46] describe, in some detail, the variety of forms standards can take. The standards that we will discuss are primarily “voluntary consensus standards.” This means they are set by a standards organization based on the consensus of the partners who will be using them. In addition, these types of standards are enforced by voluntary compliance. Such standards are designed to open new market opportunities to their users. The standards supporting SMS range from those for information technology and communication through those that govern enterprises and supply chains.
标准是一个个构建块，它为可重复的过程提供了由不同技术构成的解决方案以达到稳定一直的结果。标准有多种不同的风格和形式。Standard.gov和OMB Circular A-119描述了标准可以采用的多样的形式。我们讨论的标准主要是指“非强制性标准”。这意味着它们是一组由标准组织在合作伙伴之间相互认同基础上应用的标准。还有另一类标准——“强制性标准”。这些标准被设计用来为使用它们的用户带来新的市场机遇。智能制造系统领域的支持标准主要来源于贯穿与企业与供应链治理的信息与通讯技术标准。
This paper presents an SMS standards’ landscape based on a definition of a smart-manufacturing ecosystem that encompasses three dimensions – product, production systems, and enterprise (business) systems. The landscape associates standards with the lifecycle phases in each dimension. Section 2 presents key capabilities and the manufacturing ecosystem as the convergence of the three different lifecycle perspectives in operational manufacturing systems. It also identifies areas where the integration of functions within and across these dimensions will result in systems that are more effective. Section 3 describes the landscape in terms of key standards’ organizations working in the area, types of standards in each of the three dimensions, and the manufacturing pyramid where the dimensions intersect. Finally, we discuss areas of opportunity for future standards in terms of the smart manufacturing capabilities.
本文基于智能制造生态体系的定义提供了一个智能制造系统标准蓝图，它由三个维度构成：产品、生产系统和企业（业务）系统。蓝图说明了标准在各个主线的生命周期中的不同阶段的关系。第二章给出了以制造运作系统的视角由三个不同生命周期构成的制造生态系统和关键能力。它也识别出了需要集成与贯穿的功能区域，这样做可以令系统更有效率。第三章描述了关键标准的标准组织正在进行工作领域，三个维度中的标准类型，三个维度交汇的制造金字塔。最后我们讨论未来在智能制造能力方面标准化工作的机会。
1. Strategos-International. Toyota Production System and Lean Manufacturing, http://www.strategosinc.com/toyota_production.htm ↩
2. Flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems paradigms, Int J Flex Manuf Syst (2006) 17:261–276 DOI 10.1007/s10696-006-9028-7 ↩
3. Glossary of Sustainable Manufacturing Terms, EPA, http://archive.epa.gov/sustainablemanufacturing/web/html/glossary.html ↩
4. DOE-FOA-0001263 Manufacturing innovation institute for smart manufacturing: advanced sensors, controls, platforms, and modeling for manufacturing. ↩
5. Cloud-Based Manufacturing: Old Wine in New Bottles? , Proceedings of the 47th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems ↩
6. http://www.astri.org/technologies/initiatives/intelligent-manufaturing/ ↩