3 Manufacturing Standards Landscape

Existing manufacturing standards provide “how-to” instructions for designers, engineers, builders, operators, and decision makers to conduct disciplined activities within their domains. They also facilitate communication between stakeholders across domain borders, borders of the manufacturing system hierarchy, and between lifecycle phases. Today, numerous national, regional, and international standards development organizations (SDOs) set manufacturing industry standards. This section provides a review of the types of standards for each of the three lifecycle dimensions with a focus on those standards that specifically address manufacturing information content. While some national or regional standards are considered, more emphasis is placed on international standards. In many cases, local SDOs may have direct liaisons with international SDOs. First, we provide an overview of the standards development organizations and then we position the standards within the ecosystem.⁷

现有的制造标准提供了“如何做”的指导给设计者、工程师、建造者、操作者和决策者处理各自领域内的问题。它们同时也令各领域干系人间跨领域边界沟通更为便捷，如跨制造系统层次、生命周期中的各阶段。今天，许多国家、地区与国际性标准制定组织（SDOs)都在制定制造工业标准。本章对三大生命周期维度对应的每类标准进行讨论，关注那些确定制造信息内容的标准。在考虑许多国家或区域性标准的同时，主要关注国际标准。一般情况下，地方性标准制定组织都与国际标准制定组织有联系。

3.1 Standard Organizations/标准组织

A completed standard is typically the result of one of several development processes. The more traditional of these is via a formally sanctioned SDO. These organizations facilitate consensus building and ensure that standards are openly available to organizations that wish to use them. In this category are both international standards bodies, such as ISO [20] IEC [30], ASME [21], and ASTM [22]; and national bodies including professional organizations, which define best practices for their practitioners. In the United States, ANSI [23] certifies professional organizations to create standards in areas of specialization.

一个完成的标准是一个和多个研发过程的见过。一般由标准制定组织通过正式批准通过后实行。这些组织帮助标准在期望使用他们的机构之间建立共识并保证保准的开放性和适用性。标准制定机构主要包括国际标准机构，如ISO[20]、IEC[30]、ASME[21]和ASTM[22]；和国家级标准机构包括专业机构，它们为他们的成员单位提供最佳实践。在美国，ANSI[23]认证组织就为特定领域指定标准。

The traditional consensus-building process used by SDOs can be quite time-consuming; as a result, other processes have emerged, including open source [24]. In the open-source process, a standard can come in the form of a specification describing the standard, a reference implementation of the standard, or both. These standards are often developed within a consortium, maintained collaboratively, and widely available to the public at large. Ownership of these standards remains a public trust of various sorts and they are open to interested participants. The licensing and governance models for the intellectual property contained in these standards vary greatly between projects. Open-source standards sometimes proceed to a more formal sanction by an SDO. An independent organization usually manages the open source process. Some vendor-driven standardization communities have taken another approach whereby a vendor implementation of a proposed standard is selected to define the standard. The chosen implementation becomes the reference to which other vendors implement.

以传统的方式标准制定机构建立共识的过程非常消耗时间；所以其他一些方法应运而生，包括开源[24]。在开源过程中，一个标准的形式能包括标准规范性描述或标准参考实现，或者同时兼具两者。这些标准通常在一个共识联合体内部开发，共同维护，使其能够具有广泛的适用性。这些标准的所有权归属于多种形式的公共信任，对参与者开放。不同标准项目的知识产权的授权与治理模型有很大差异。开源标准有时采取比标准制定组织更正式的审核流程。一个独立组织通常管理开源过程。一些供应商驱动的标准化社区则采取另一种方法，选择一个供应商的提案作为标准。选择使用该标准的其他供应商则参考这个选中的标准。

Multiple standards intended to work together are often defined as suites. Examples of this in the Information Technology (IT) world include the collection of standards from groups like WC3 [25] and IETF [26] that have aided the digital revolution. In the world of manufacturing, we find the ISO 10303 suite of standards (commonly known as STEP) for product data [27], the Quality Information Framework(QIF)[32] for streamlining quality testing capabilities, and the standards emerging from consortia such as the Open Application Group, Inc. (OAGi) for enterprise level applications [28]. These standards incorporate other, more fundamental, standards, e.g., the EXtensible Markup Language (XML) from W3C, and offer engineering and manufacturing content representation and interpretation. The Object Management Group (OMG) [38] also defines suites of standards that, for the most part, address underlying technologies rather than those specific to manufacturing. Some of these standards have become particularly useful for manufacturing application and are discussed later.

多个标准需要在一起工作时，常将它们统称为标准套件。如信息技术领域的标准集主要来自W3c[25]和IETF[26]，它们促进了数字化革命。在制造领域，我们扎到了ISO 10303产品数据标准套件（一般称为STEP），为流程化质量测试能力制定的质量信息架构（QIF）和开放应用组织（OAGi）为企业级应用的标准套件[28]。这些标准与其他标准相互融合，更为基础。如W3C的可扩展标记语言（XML）就用于工程与制造信息内容的展现和理解。对象管理组织（OMG）也定义了一组较其他制造标准更为基础的技术专用标准套件。这些标准中的一部分在制造应用中讲发挥特定的作用，这将在后面内容中进行探讨。

ISO and IEC are working on standards of significant importance to smart manufacturing. Within ISO, the technical committee on automation systems and integration (TC184) has two subcommittees (SC) that are of particular interest in our landscape: SC4 and SC5. SC4 focuses on industrial data standards – primarily those related to product data including ISO 10303. SC5 focuses on interoperability, integration, and architectures for automation applications. Both subcommittees have new standards for smart manufacturing in development.

ISO和IEC正在开展智能制造的重要、重点标准的工作。在ISO内部，自动化系统与集成技术委员会（TC184）有两个子委员会：SC4和SC5.SC4关注于工业数据标准化——主要包含与ISO 10303相关的产品数据。SC5关注于自动化应用的架构、集成和互操作。两个子委员会都在开发针对智能制造的新标准。

IEC, which historically has served the electronics industry, has developed standards that have broader applicability beyond the electronics industry. For example, IEC TC 65 focuses on standards for industrial process control and automation and is active in addressing integration between product data and production processes. ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee (JTC) 1 on information technology deals with a large number of standardization topics in IT for manufacturing systems including sensor and device networks and user interfaces. Consequently, these types of standards are also included in our landscape. IEC历史上是为电器行业服务的，而今已经超越了电器行业为更广泛的应用制定标准。如IEC TC 65关注工业过程控制与自动化，现在正在开展产品数据与生产过程集成的工作。ISO/IEC联合技术委员会（JTC）1处理大量有关制造系统信息技术的标准化主题，包括传感器与设备网络与用户界面。所以这类标准业包含在我们的体系之中。

A number of consortia are developing standards and best practices in the SMS area including OAGi, MTConnect [29], ProSTEP iViP [81], OPC Foundation [31], DMSC [32], and MESA [33]. Standards and best practices from these organizations are sometimes proposed in ISO and IEC to facilitate broader dissemination and adoption. OAGi and MTConnect make standards freely available as open source for downloading to the public. PDES Inc., for example, is an industrial consortium that undertakes projects related to product data exchange for design. Their projects are driven by its members’ specific needs for data integration standards. Results are fed into the ISO 10303 standards for product definition and others as appropriate. The work often addresses resolving issues surrounding the implementation of those standards. The OPC Foundation originally developed standards that allowed device providers to integrate their products into a Microsoft-based platform. OPC Foundation has since evolved into an independent standards organization with its own certification and testing program. Dimensional Metrology Standards Consortium (DMSC) [32] sets standards including QIF, which is fundamental for assuring that the entire quality-measurement process—consisting of product measurement design, planning, rules, resources, programming, results, and summary statistics—is fully integrated and traceable.

许多联盟正在开发智能制造系统领域内的标准和最佳实践，包括OAGi、MTConnect[29]、ProSTEP iViP[81]、OPC Fundation[31]、DMSC[32]和MESA[33]。来自这些组织的标准和最佳实践有时会提交ISO和IEC以取的更广泛的传播和应用。OAGi和MTConnect将标准以开源的形式免费提供给公众使用。如PDES公司是一个工业联盟，它们承担产品设计数据交换相关的项目。它们的项目由成员所需的数据集成标准驱动。最终成果并入ISO 10303标准与其他合适的部分。这些工作常用来解决实现那些标准过程中碰到问题。OPC Foundation自主研发允许是被将它们自身的应用集成到微软平台的标准。OPC Foundation逐步发展为一个独立的标准组织，拥有独立的认证与测试程序。DMSC[32]制定的标准中包括QIF，它是涵盖设计、计划、制度、资源、程序、结论和统计汇总的完整的可集成可追溯的保证整个产品过程质量测量的标准。

APICS [35], ASTM, MESA, IPC [79], and ISA [34] are industrial professional societies or trade associations working to advance the state-of-the-art in their fields. Their work includes standards, as well as educational and other activities. The APICS scope is supply chain and operations management. A part of APICS, known as the Supply Chain Council, produced a series of reference documents to provide guides on best practices for the supply chain industry. This rich set of information includes definitions for a wide range of performance metrics for manufacturing operations, many of which can be applied outside of the supply chain context. ASTM addresses manufacturing and materials, products and processes, systems, and services. MESA is concerned with the production level of Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) or Manufacturing Executions Systems (MES) and the integration of information systems from the enterprise level into the manufacturing operation. IPC originated with the electronics industry, specifically focusing on printed circuit boards, but, as with many of the other organizations, its scope has expanded to address service and supply chain topics as well. ISA focuses on automation, specifically as applied to “engineering and technology to improve the management, safety, and cybersecurity of modern automation and control systems used across industry and critical infrastructure.”[34] While each of these organizations brings a different perspective, their scopes intersect in our focus areas - product, production system, and business information flows.

APICS[35]、ASTM、MESA、IPC[79]和ISA[34]都是工业专业的社会或贸易协会，它们在各自的领域取得了艺术品级的工作成就。它们的工作包括标准制定，以及我们都熟知的教育和其他活动。APICS主要关注供应链和运作管理领域。APICS的子机构，供应链理事会制定了一系列参考文件为供应链行业提供指南和最佳实践。它提供了丰富的信息集包含了广泛的制造运作绩效指标，其中很多能够用于描述外部供应链的上下文。ASTM明确了制造与物料、产品与过程、系统以及服务。MESA主要考虑生产层次的制造运作管理（MOM）或称制造执行系统（MES）和将企业层集成到制造运作的信息系统集成。IPC起源于电子工业，特别专注于印刷电路板。现在和其他标准一样，它的扩展到服务与供应链领域。ISA专注于自动化，被称为“工程与技术改进管理、安全，现代自动化雨控制系统话行业与标准基础设施的电子安全。”[34]尽管每个标准组织都有其不一样的视角，但是它们的领域贯穿于我们关注的四大领域——产品、生产系统、和业务信息流。

Other noteworthy standards come from more academically oriented professional societies, which typically are ANSI accredited. These include the standards from IEEE [37] and ASME.

其他值得关注的标准来自于更学术化的专业机构，它们大多是经ANSI认可的。如来自IEEE[37]和ASME的标准。

3.2 Product Development Lifecycle Standards/产品开发生命周期标准

The product lifecycle in the context of the smart manufacturing ecosystem includes 6 phases as shown in Figure 2: Design, Process Planning, Production Engineering, Manufacturing, Use and Service, and End-of-Life and Recycling. The existing standards, particularly in the areas of Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM), and Computer Aided Technology (CAx) generally have greatly improved engineering efficiency [11]. In addition, these standards enhance modeling accuracy and reduce product innovation cycles, thus contributing directly to manufacturing system agility and product quality. Advancements in this area have resulted in a new product development paradigm known as model-based engineering or enterprise, or MBE [51].

产品生命周期在智能制造生态系统中包含6个阶段，如图2所示：设计、过程规划、产品工程、制造、使用与售后服务、结束生命和回收。现有标准主要集中在计算机辅助设计（CAD）、计算机辅助制造（CAM）和计算机辅助技术（CAx），这些技术极大的促进了工程设计效率[11]。同时，这些标准还提升了建模的进度、减少了产品研发周期，因此直接提升了制造系统的敏捷和质量。这个领域的发展得益于新产品模式的发展，如基于模型的工程设计和企业、MBE[51]。

Figure 2 also shows a set of select standards related to the product lifecycle phases. These standards are classified into five categories: Modeling Practice, Product Model and Data Exchange, Manufacturing Model Data, Product Category Data, and Product Lifecycle Data Management.

图2也展示了一组与产品生命周期阶段相关的选定的标准。这些标准分为5类：建模实践、产品模型与数据交换、制造模型数据、产品分类数据和产品生命周期数据管理。

Modeling practice standards define digital product-definition data practices for both two-dimensional (2D) drawings and three-dimensional (3D) models. There are several standards available worldwide that define symbols and rules for dimensioning and tolerancing. The predominant standards are ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Y14.5 GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) and International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TC 213 GPS (Geometrical Product Specification) with ISO/TC 10 Technical Product Documentation. The ISO (GPS) standards are typically address a single topic. The ASME Y14.5 standard combines a set of topics for GD&T in one standards document. In addition to GD&T, ASME Y14.36M and ISO 1302 are established standards for communicating surface texture control requirements and defining surface texture properties. The joint IEC/ISO standard 81714 defines graphical symbols for use in technical documentation of products. Table 4 lists selected modeling practice standards from ASME and ISO. There are also standards for specific manufacturing domains such as electronics product modeling practice including IPC-D-325 for printed boards, assemblies, and supporting drawings.

建模实践标准定义为数字化产品定义数据实践包括二维（2D）和三维（3D）模型。全球范围内有多种可用标准用来定义符号和规则的尺寸和公差。主导标准有ASME（美国机械工程师学会）的Y14.5 GD&T（几何尺寸与公差）和国际标准组织ISO/TC 213 GPS（几何产品规范）与ISO/TC 10的技术产品文档。ISO（GPS）标准是典型的单一主题。ASME Y14.5标准则是将一组GD&T主题合并为一份文档。另外作为GD&T的补充，ASME Y14.36和ISO 1302是为沟通表面材质控制和表面材质属性定义而建立的标准。ISO/IEC联合标准81714定义了图形符号在产品技术文档中的使用。表4列出了从ASME和ISO标准中选出的建模实践标准。还有一些特定制造领域的标准，如用于电子产品建模实践标准IPC-D-325电路板印刷、组装与辅助制图。

Product model and data exchange standards include ISO standards and de facto standards, as shown in Table 5. These standards capture the representation of product and engineering information to enable data exchange between CAD software from different vendors. STEP is unique in that it addresses a broader range of information than is needed for CAD representations. The STEP architecture includes underlying methods for the definition and exchange of data and an architecture for integrating the data definitions into implementable units, called Application Protocols (AP), where CAD information is connected to product structure, as well as a wide array of other engineering and lifecycle information elements. The most commonly implemented and used APs are 203 for aerospace, defense and AP 214 for automotive [52]. The most recent part of STEP to be released is AP 242 edition 2, titled “Managed Model Based 3D Engineering” [48][52]. This standard merges AP 203 and AP 214 and incorporates requirements for data exchange in the areas of model-based development, product data management (PDM), product and manufacturing information (PMI), and long-term archiving of digital data. AP 242 is complementary to other visualization exchange formats such as JT (ISO 14306) and PRC (ISO 14739). Another set of standards for product modeling is used in additive manufacturing areas. The Stereo Lithography (STL) file format is widely used for rapid prototyping, 3D printing and additive manufacturing. ISO 52915, Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF), is an open standard proposed to describe color, materials, lattices, and constellations of a 3D object that allows more complex descriptions of products, beyond basic geometry.

产品模型和数据交换标准包括ISO标准和事实标准，如表5所示。这些标准完成了产品展现与工程信息在不同供应商的CAD软件之间的数据交换的能力。STEP是唯一覆盖CAD表现所需信息定义的标准。STEP架构包括定义与交换数据的基础方法和将数据定义集成到可实现对象的架构称为应用协议（AP）。STEP应用协议将CAD信息与产品结构连接起来，这样可以有效的将广泛的工程信息和产品生命周期信息的元素结合起来。目前最常使用的AP有：航空航天AP 203、自动化AP 214。STEP最近发布的部分是AP 242第2版，名称是“基于3D的工程设计模型管理”[48][52]。该标准融合了AP 203和AP 214，将基于模型开发领域中的数据交换需求、产品数据管理（PDM）、产品与制造信息（PMI）、数字数据的长期保存。AP242完善了其他可视化交换格式，如JT（ISO 14306）和RPC（ISO 14739）。另一组产品建模标准常用于增材制造领域。立体光刻（STL）文件格式广泛用于快速原型、3D打印和增财制造。ISO 52915增材制造文件格式（AMF）是一个开放标准，旨在描述3D对象的颜色、材料、晶格和排列，使其能够描述比基于几何的描述方式更复杂的产品。

Manufacturing model data standards, in contrast to the product model standards that focus on product design, define the data needed to manufacture a product from a design (Table 6). ISO 6983, or G-Code, is the most widely used Numerical Control (NC) programming language. ISO 14649 was developed to overcome the problems of ISO 6983 by defining a data model to enable a link between manufacturing operations and the original CAD geometry data. STEP AP 238 is designed to extend ISO 14649 in order to integrate more tightly with product design definitions. It can exchange explicit toolpath descriptions along with part, stock, fixture geometry, tool descriptions, GD&T, and PDM information.

制造模型数据标准，相比产品模型它更关注于产品设计，制造一个设计出来的产品所需的数据的定义（见表6）。ISO 6983（G-Code）是数字化控制（NC）领域广泛实用的编程语言。ISO 14696是用来解决ISO 6983存在的问题而开发的标准，使定义的数据模型能够在制造运作和原来的CAD几何数据之间建立联系。STEP AP 238是用来扩展ISO 14649的，使产品设计定义能够集成的更为紧密。它能够交换明确的工具路径描述零件、Stock、固定几何形状、工具描述、GD&T和PDM信息。

Product catalog data standards support the description of particular instances of products or parts in a uniform, vendor-neutral way. Examples of product catalog data standards include ISO 13584, 15926-Part 4 and 22745. The first two of these focus on methods for catalog definition. ISO 13584 specifies the principles to be used for defining characterization classes of parts and properties of parts independent from any particular supplier-defined identification. ISO 22745 provides guidelines for the development of terminology for open technical dictionaries and inventory and catalog systems. In contrast, 15926 Part 4 represents a specific domain and defines the engineering terms required to design, build, and operate an oil and gas production facility.

产品目录数据标准支持用统一的、厂商中立的方式描述实际产品或零件。产品目录数据标准有ISO 13584、15926-4、22745。前两个标准关注分类定义的方法。ISO 13584规范的分类原则是将特定的供应商定义的标准按部件的构成和属性特征进行分类定义。ISO22745提供开发开放技术的字典、清单和分类系统的术语的指南。相较这两个标准ISO 15926第4部分则是定义了石油天然气生产装置的设计、建造和操作所需的工程、设计属于。

Product lifecycle data management focuses on the needs of long-term retention and access to data consistently throughout the product lifecycle. The best-known product lifecycle data management standard is ISO 10303 AP239, also known as Product Life Cycle Support (PLCS). AP 239 is designed for the exchange of complex-product for life-long support, i.e., the information needed and created during the use and maintenance of products. PLM XML is an emerging open format from Siemens for facilitating PLM. PLM XML is designed as a lightweight, extensible, and flexible format for sharing product design and function data in a collaborative environment [53]. The related LOTAR (LOng Term Archiving and Retrieval) International Project has an even broader scope. The LOTAR focus is long-term access to digital product and technical information through the development of standards-based archival and retrieval mechanisms. The results of that effort are recommended practices on how standards can be applied to long-term archiving of products and associated design information.

产品生命周期数据管理关注于贯穿产品生命周期中长期保留的和可访问的产品数据的一致性。最有名的产品生命周期管理标准是ISO 10303 AP 239——产品生命周期支持（PLCS）。AP 239是用来交换产品生命周期中复杂产品的数据交换，如那些需要在产品维护过程需要或创建的信息。PLM XML是西门子开发的一种新兴的PLM开放格式。PLM XML是作为一种可在协同环境下用来共享产品设计与功能信息而设计的轻量的、可扩展的、灵活的数据格式[53]。另外，LOTAR（长期存储与重用）国际项目则具有更广的范围。LOTAR关注于开发一种长期可访问的数字产品和技术信息的标准化的保存与重用机制。该项目将影响未来如何长时间存储产品和相关设计信息的标准化应用最佳实践。

3.3 Production System Lifecycle Standards/生产系统生命周期标准

“Production systems” here refers to collections of machines, equipment, and auxiliary systems organized to create goods and services from various resources.[49] Most product-model and modeling-practice standards are applicable to production system development as well. However, as one of the most complex production systems that is intended to manufacture goods, production systems have a number of unique standards that are fundamental to achieving SMS. Production systems usually have a much longer lifecycle than the goods that they produce. Additionally, they need to be frequently reconfigured, and thus have unique needs with respect to their design. The unique SMS capabilities discussed here are made possible by automation standards for system control and maintenance. In this subsection, we focus on standards supporting complex system modeling, automation engineering, and operation and maintenance (O&M) perspectives of production systems.

“生产系统”是指用各种资源生产商品和服务而组织起来的机器、设备和辅助系统的整体[49]。大多数产品模型和建模实践标准都可用于生产系统开发。尽管如此，作为以制造商品的复杂生产系统，生产系统需要一些独特的标准作为基础来实现智能制造系统。生产系统一般有较长的生命周期，比它们生产的产品的生命周期要长的多。另外，它们需要频繁的调整，以保证符合设计要求。这里所讨论的智能制造系统特有的能力应通过生产系统控制与维护的自动化标准得到满足。在本章节，我们主要关注于支撑胜寒系统的复杂系统建模、自动化工程、预防性运行和维护的标准。

Typical lifecycle phases for a production system as shown in Figure 3 include Design, Build, Commission, O&M, and Decommission. Production systems and facilities are typically designed to manufacture a family of products. The degree of manufacturing flexibility—how adaptive a production system is in responding to market and supply chain changes—is a key design decision that not only impacts cost but also influences the length of the production system lifecycle. The commissioning phase involves testing the entire production system, including equipment, plant and facility, and handing off the system for operation. The system is verified to function according to the design objectives and specifications. After commissioning, the production system enters O&M– a steady state of tactical operations and strategic maintenance activities. When radical internal or external changes are introduced, for example, if the main subsystems crash or the targeted product group is phased out of the market, the life of the product system comes to an end. At this point, production permanently ceases or the system is recycled. The steady-state O&M stage is typically the longest phase of a production system’s lifecycle. During this period, production systems are managed to best transform material, energy, and labor into products. In this phase, adaptation planning, re-commissioning, and continuous commissioning are conducted to maintain and improve system performance and search for ways to reconfigure the system to adapt to changes in the market and supply chain.

图3展示了生产系统生命周期的典型阶段，设计、建造、试运行、运行与维护与退役。生产系统与设施是围绕制造的特定产品族而设计的。制造柔性——如何使生产系统适应市场与供应链的变化——是关键的设计决策，这不止影响建造成本还影响生产系统生命周期的长度。在试运行阶段进行整个生产系统的测试，包括设备、工厂和设施及系统操作的切换。生产系统根据设计目标和规范手册进行功能验证。试运行结束后，生产系统进入运行与维护期（O&M）——一段状态稳定的战术运作和战略维护活动的阶段。当重大内部或外部变化发生时，如主要的子系统故障或特定产品组合退出市场，生产系统的生命进入尾声。这时生产永久性停止或系统被回收。稳定的运作和维护期一般来说是生产系统生命周期中最长的阶段。在这期间，生产系统在管理下将原材料、能源和劳动以最佳的方式转化到产品中去。在这个阶段，适应性计划、重新试车与持续试车等活动会在维护、提升系统性能、及为适应市场和供应链而进行的系统重新配置。

Areas of standards that support production lifecycle activities include Production System Model Data and Practice, Production System Engineering, O&M, and Production Lifecycle Management. Since the O&M stage is the longest phase, the standards for O&M and lifecycle management merit special attention. Specifically, standards supporting manufacturing operations are discussed in detail in the Manufacturing Pyramid subsection.

支持生产生命周期活动的标准包括以下领域：生产系统模型数据与规范、生产系统工程、运作与维护、生产生命周期管理。由于运作与维护是生产系统生命周期种最长的阶段，运作与维护和生命周期管理是我们特别关注的。支持制造运作的标准将在制造金字塔的章节进行讨论。

Production system model data and practice standards provide information models for factory and production system design. They enhance information exchange among stakeholders, and enable virtual commissioning, which can improve manufacturing agility and reduce manufacturing cost. Besides CAx standards, several international standards specific to production system modeling and data exchange exist. The standards in this area can be classified into two domains as shown in Table 7: manufacturing resource and process, and building/facility modeling. ISO 10303 AP 214 has been shown to be able to represent different aspects of a manufacturing system in development [53]. ISO 10303 AP 221 defines functional data for, and schematic representation of, process plants. ISA 95 defines an equipment hierarchy model and models manufacturing processes [34]. ISO 18629 defines a Process Specification Language (PSL) aimed at identifying and formally defining and structuring the semantic concepts intrinsic to the capture and exchange of process information related to discrete manufacturing. IEC 62832(Digital Factory) defines a comprehensive network of digital models, methods, and tools to represent the basic elements and automation assets, as well as the behavior and relationships between these elements/assets. The digital factory concept includes five views of information: Construction (C), Function (F), Performance (P), Location (L) and Business (B). ISO 17506 defines an open standard for exchanging digital assets among various graphics software applications for plant geometry representation and kinetics simulation. The Core Manufacturing Simulation Data (CMSD) Information Model was developed by NIST and standardized by the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) to define a data-interface specification for efficient exchange of manufacturing lifecycle data in a simulation environment. PLC Open XML provides standards to represent programmable logic control (PLC) including sequences of actions, internal behavior of objects, and Input/Output (IO) connections. IEC 62337 defines specific phases and milestones in the commissioning of electrical, instrumentation, and control systems in the process industry. IEC 61987 defines a standard to facilitate understanding of process measurement and control equipment descriptions when transferred from one party to another.

生产系统模型数据与规范标准提供了工厂和生产系统设计的信息模型。它们提升了干系人之间的信息交换并能够进行虚拟试生产，这样可以改进制造的敏捷性并减少制造成本。除了CAx标准之外，还有几个国际标准规范了生产系统模型和数据交换。这个领域的相关规范主要集中于两个领域（见表7）：制造资源和工艺、建造/设施建模。ISO 10303 AP 214可以表现制造系统开发过程的不同方面[53]。ISO 10303 AP 221定义了流程工厂的功能性数据和语义表达。ISA 95定义了设备层次模型和制造过程模型[34]。ISO 18629定义了流程规范语言（PSL）给出用于离散制造相关过程信息的获取、交换的辨别和正式定义、固有的结构化语义概念。IEC 62832（数字工厂）定义了数字模型、方法和工具用于表达基本要素和自动化资产的综合方法，以及它们之间的关系和行为。数字工厂概念包括了信息的五个维度：结构（C）、功能（F）、性能（P）、位置（L）和业务（B）。ISO 17506定义了一个在各类图形软件之间交换数字化资产信息的开放标准，可以用来表现工厂形状和运行模拟。核心制造模拟数据（CMSD）信息模型是由NIST和模拟互操作标准组织开发的，定义了在模拟环境中高效交换制造生命周期数据数据接口规范。PLC Open XML提供了用来表达可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）顺序活动、对象内部行为、输入输出连接的标准。IEC 62337定义了在流程工业设备试运行各阶段及里程碑的电气、仪表和控制系统。IEC 61987定义了便于里的的过程测量与控制设备之间传递的描述标准。

Production system engineering standards can interconnect engineering tools from different disciplines, e.g., system engineering, mechanical plant engineering, electrical design, process engineering, process control engineering, Human Machine Interface (HMI) development, PLC programming, and robotic programming. In the production system engineering category, there are several important standards playing critical roles in improving production system engineering efficiency, as shown in Table 8. While most of these standards serve very specific functions, two of them are fundamental methods, which underpin much of the work in production system engineering. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) [38] from OMG is a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications. It supports the specification, analysis, design, verification, and validation of a broad range of systems and systems-of-systems, and is particularly useful for large-scale projects such as production systems. Modelica [92] is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language. Modelica is widely used in applications that model complex physical systems and particularly to model the mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power, or process-oriented subcomponents of production systems.

生产系统工程设计标准能够使工程设计工具在不同维度上互联互通，例如系统工程、机械设备工程、电气设计、工艺工程、过程控制工程、人机界面（HMI）开发、PLC编程与机器人编程。在生产系统工程范畴里，有几个很重要的标准扮演着改善生产系统效率的关键角色，如表8所示。当大多数的标准服务于规范功能，其中两个标准觉基础方法，它们可以支持生产系统工程设计的大多数工作。OMG的系统建模语言（SysML）[38]是一个系统应用工程使用的通用建模语言。它支持在广泛的系统与系统间的规范、分析、设计、验证与校验，在大型项目（如生产系统）中有切实的作用。Modelica[92]是一个面向对象的说明性多领域建模语言。Modelica被广泛用于复杂福利系统建模，特别针对机械模型、电子模型、电气模型、水里模型、热力模型、控制模型、电力模型及生产系统的面向过程的子模块。

In the production system automation engineering area, IEC 61131 is a widely adopted standard for programmable controllers, including equipment requirements and tests, communication, functional safety, programming languages, and their implementation guidelines. Specifically, IEC 61131-3 is the most widely adopted standard defining the programming languages for PLCs, embedded controls, and industrial personal computers (PCs). IEC 61499 is an open standard for distributed control and automation, upon which entire applications can be built from Function Blocks (FB) with event triggers. This standard has not been accepted by industry, even though it is highly promoted by the academic community, because it does not provide a solid framework for the next generation of industrial automation systems [54]. IEC 61804 defines FB for process control. IEC 62714, AutomationML, interconnects engineering tools from different disciplines, e.g., mechanical plant engineering, electrical design, process engineering, process control engineering, HMI development, PLC programming, and robotic programming, etc. [12]. AutomationML incorporates different standards through strongly typed links across the formats including CAEX (IEC 62424) for properties and relations of objects in their hierarchical structure, COLLADA for Graphical attributes, and Kinematics and PLCopen XML for logic items. IEC also has a set of standards to model and configure production equipment, such as IEC 62453-2 for field device tool interface specification, and IEC 61804-3 specifying Electronic Device Description Language (EDDL). ISO 18828 is under development by ISO TC184/SC4 for standardized procedures for production systems engineering.

在生产系统自动化领域，IEC 61131是广泛应用于可编程控制器的标准，包括设备需求与测试、通讯、安全功能、编程语言，以及实现的指导。其中，IEC 61131-3是最常被使用的标准，它定义了PLC、可嵌入控制器、工控机（PCs）的编程语言。IEC 61499是一个开放的集散控制与自动化的标准，基于功能块（FB）与事件触发器构造整个系统。尽管学术社区大力推动该标准，但其并未提出下一代工业自动化系统的固定框架，所以尚未被工业界所接受[54]。IEC 61804定义了过程控制的功能块（FB）。IEC 62714 AutomationML，将工程设计工具在不同维度下的互联互通，例如：机械设备设计、电气设计、工艺设计、过程控制工程、HMI开发、PLC编程和机器人编程等[12]。AutomationML结合了不同的标准，通过强类型连接将不同格式连接起来，包括CAEX（IEC62424）的对象的属性和关系与它们的层次关系、COLLADA的图形属性、以及Kinematics和PLCOpen XML的逻辑对象。IEC还有用于生产设备建模与配置的标准，如IEC 62453-2 现场设备工具接口规范、IEC 61804-3 电子设备描述语言规范（EDDL）。ISO 18828是ISO TC184/SC4开发的生产系统工程标准程序标准。

For production engineering practice, IEC 61508 is the international standard for electrical, electronic, and programmable electronic safety-related systems. It specifies requirements for ensuring that systems are designed, implemented, operated, and maintained to standards for safety integrity levels (SIL). IEC 61511 is a technical standard that specifies practices in the engineering of systems that ensure the safety of an industrial process through the use of instrumentation. This standard is process-industry specific within the framework of IEC 61508. ISO 13849 provides safety requirements and guidance on the principles for the design and integration of safety-related parts of control systems, including the design of software.

针对生产工程实践，IEC 61508是电气、电子与可编程电子安全系统的国际标准。它规范了系统在设计、实施、操作和维护过程中对应安全完整性等级（SIL）须保障的需求。IEC 61511是一份技术性标准规范了系统工程的实践规范，通过使用基表保证工业过程安全。这个标准是IEC 16508的框架中的流程工业规范部分。ISO 13849提供了安全需求和控制系统安全部件设计与集成的实践原则（包括软件设计）。

Production lifecycle data management standards define general models of data integration, sharing, exchange, and hand-over for lifecycle support of production facilities. A selected set of important production lifecycle data management standards are shown in Table 9. A study of information modeling [53] found that ISO 10303 AP 239 (PLCS) has the most potential to model a manufacturing system for its lifecycle. However, guidance is needed regarding how to use PLCS for representing domain-specific objects such as machining centers [90]. ISO 15926 is the most widely used production lifecycle data management standard in the process industry. ISO 15926 -1 defines a class structure of various phenomena or occurrences that exist in time and space in that industry.

生产生命周期数据管理标准定义了支持生产设施生命周期有关的数据集成、共享、交换和交付的通用模型。生产生命周期数据管理有关的部分重要标准见表9。一份关于信息建模的研究[53]发现ISO 10303 AP 239（PLCS）在制造系统生命周期模型最具有潜力。尽管如此，还需要考虑如何将PLCS用于表现特定领域对象如加工中心的指导[90]。ISO15926是使用最广泛的流程工业生产生命周期数据管理标准。ISO 15926-1定义了一组存在于工业时间与空间种各个不同的现象或事件。

Due to the generic character of the PLCS data model in 15926, the 15926 standard defines a reference data model in Part 4 providing more useful entities for representing process plants. ISO 16739 defines a common data model for building lifecycle support that can be applied to manufacturing facilities. The emerging IEC 62890 defines standards for lifecycle management for systems and products used in industrial process measurement, control and automation.

基于ISO 15926的PLCS数据模型的一般特性，ISO 15926标准在第4部分定义了参考数据模型，提供了用于表现流程工厂更为有用的实体。ISO 16739定义了一个支持生命周期的通用数据模型应用于制造设施。新出现的IEC 62890定义了系统和产品在工业工业测量、控制和自动化中的生命周期管理。

O&M standards define data processing, communication, and presentation standards for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines, for maintaining the adequate performance of the system, and for searching ways to improve performance. Table 10 shows a selected set of O&M standards. Standards supporting production O&M include MIMOSA Open Systems Architecture for Enterprise Application Integration (OSA-EAI) specifications and condition-based maintenance (CBM) specifications, which are widely used in the Oil and Gas industry. ISO 13374 also defines data processing, communication, and presentation standards for condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines. The upcoming ASME B5.59-2 will address performance and capabilities of machine tools at any time in their lifecycles, e.g., during specification, after acceptance testing, or during operation. ASME B5.59-2 addresses only information related to the machine tool itself and does not include process-related information [53].

运行与维护标准定义了机器状态监控与诊断的数据处理、通信和呈现的标准，用于系统可用能力的维护、寻找优化系统性能的方法。表10列出了一组运行与维护的标准。支持生产运行与维护的标准包括MIMOSA企业应用集成开放系统架构（OSA-EAI）规范和基于条件的维护（CBM）规范，这些标准广泛用于石油与天然气工业。ISO 13374定义了及其状态监控与诊断的数据处理、通讯和呈现的标准。即将发布的ASME B5.59-2明确了机器工具在其生命周期中各时间的能力与性能，例如规范期间、验收测试后、操作期间。ASME B5。59-2只明确了机器工具自身相关的信息，并没有包含流程相关的信息[53]。

3.4 Business Cycle for Supply Chain Management /供应链管理的业务周期

Electronic commerce is critical today to enable any type of business, or commercial transaction, and always involves information exchange between stakeholders. Figure 4 shows the Plan-Source-Make-Deliver-Return cycle for managing the manufacturing supply chain. Standards for interactions among manufacturers, suppliers, customers, partners, and even competitors include general business modeling standards (shown in Table 11), and manufacturing specific modeling standards and corresponding message protocols. These standards are the key to enhancing supply chain efficiency and manufacturing agility. Here, we highlight three sets of manufacturing-specific standards critical for integration: APICS Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR), Open Applications Group Integration Specification (OAGIS), and MESA’s B2MML.

电子商务是当前业务开展和商业交易的重要内容，它涉及交易双方之间进行信息交换。图4说明了制造供应链管理中的计划、采购、生产、交付、退还循环。有关制造者、供应者、客户、伙伴和竞争者之间的交互的标准包括通用商业模型标准（表11中所示）、制造规范建模标准与相应的消息协议。这些标准是提升供应链效率和制造敏捷性的关键。这里我们重要关注三类用于集成的制造规范标准：APICS供应链运作参考模型、开放应用组织集成规范（OAGIS）和MESA的B2MML。

SCOR is a process reference model from the Supply Chain Council (SCC) (now part of APICS) and is a de facto standard that identifies and promotes best practices in the management and operation of supply chain activities across many industries [13]. SCOR is a management tool spanning the supply chain from the supplier's suppliers to the customer's customers. The model describes the business activities associated with all phases of satisfying a customer's demands. The model uses an approach based on three pillars: process modeling and re-engineering, performance measurements, and best practices. The SCOR model is text-based and, therefore, not directly usable for automation.

SCOR模型是供应链协会（SCC，现在是APICS的一部分）开发的过程参考模型，也是识别与促进跨行业供应链管理和运营活动最佳实践的事实标准[13]。SCOR是从供应商的供应商到客户的客户的供应链管理工具。模型描述了商业活动如何满足客户需求的所有阶段的关系。模型提供了一种基于三大支柱的方法：过程建模与重构、绩效测量和最佳实践。SCOR模型是基于文字的，因此不直接作用于自动化。

OAGIS includes a suite of engineering and business message specifications called Business Object Documents (BODs), which define common content models and messages for communication between business applications. OAGIS also defines guides for implementation. OAGIS content spans many industries and functions, including electronic commerce, manufacturing, logistics, Customer Relationship Management, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP.) It includes not only specific formats for common types of messages used in manufacturing domains, but also mechanisms for extending and tailoring the standards for specific needs. The standard can serve as building blocks for customized data exchanges. MESA B2MML is a well-adopted implementation of the ISA 95 data models. It facilitates the integration of ERP and supply chain management systems with manufacturing systems such as control systems and MES.

OAGIS包含了一套工程与业务的消息规范，称为业务对象文档（BODs），它们定义了商业应用之间通讯的通用的内容模型和消息。OAGIS同时也定义了实施指南。OAGIS内容涵盖多个行业和功能，包括电子商务、制造、物流、客户关系管理和企业资源计划（ERP）。它不仅包括用于制造领域的通用消息类型的格式规范，还具有扩展机制可以根据特定需要定制标准。标准能够服务于构建定制化数据交换的构件。MESA的B2MML很好的适应了ISA 95的数据模型。它可能令ERP、供应量管理系统和制造系统（如控制系统和MES）的集成更加便利。

3.5 Manufacturing Pyramid /制造金字塔

The Manufacturing Pyramid is the core of the SM Ecosystem and is where the product lifecycle, production lifecycle, and business cycle converge and interact. In a smart operation, autonomous and intelligent machine behaviors—including self-awareness, reasoning and planning, and self-correction—are key, but information resulting from these behaviors must flow up and down the Pyramid. This integration from machine to plant to enterprise systems is vital and critically depends upon standards. Standards-enabled SM integration allows 1) access to field and plant data for making quick decisions and optimizing production throughput and quality, 2) accurate measures of energy and material use, and 3) improved shop floor safety and enhanced manufacturing sustainability.

制造金字塔是智能制造生态系统的核心，是产品生命周期、生产生命周期和业务生命周期交汇互动的地方。对于智能操作、自动化和智能机器行为中自我感知、推理与规划、自我纠正是关键，但是决定这些行为的信息来自于这个金字塔的上方或下方。这个从机器到工厂再到企业系统的集成依赖于前面所提到的标准。标准令智能制造集成可以 1）访问现场与工厂数据，快速决策并优化产品产量和质量。2）精确测量能源和原材料消耗。3）改善车间安全性和提升制造的可持续性。

In Figure 5, we divide integration standards based on the ISA 95[34] hierarchy, which has also been included within ISO/IEC 62264 [30]. ISA 95 is a commonly used reference model for developing automated interfaces between enterprise and control systems. This standard was developed for global manufacturers and designed for applicability to all industries and for batch, discrete, and continuous processes alike.

图5种，我们基于ISA 95[34]的层次模型（等同于ISO/IEC 62264[30]）对标准进行了分层。ISA 95是用于开发企业层和控制层的自动化接口开发的通用惨空模型。这个标准为了全球制造业开发的，同时也能够适用于所有生产方式，如批生产、离散生产、连续生产。

Enterprise level: Table 12 shows important enterprise-level manufacturing standards. ISO 15704 defines requirements for enterprise reference architectures and methodologies. The ISO standards 19439 and 19440 listed in Figure 5 define the framework and specify characteristics of the core constructs needed for enterprise-level activities. ISO 20140 establishes an overview and general principles of a method for assessment of environmental influence of manufacturing systems. OMG’s Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) is a graphical representation often used for specifying processes in a manufacturing business process model. The Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) developed by the Data Mining Group (DMG) [93] is a format to define statistical and data mining models. PMML can be adopted at the MOM level as well. The Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard is being developed by OMG to close the gap between business decision design and decision implementation. OAGIS defines a common content model for enterprise application integration.

企业层：表12列出了重要的企业层制造标准。ISO 15704定义了企业参考架构的需求和方法论。图5中ISO 19439/19440定义了企业层活动需要的框架和属性规范的核心结构。ISO 20140建立了一种评估制造系统对环境影响的观察和评估方法，并提供了主要的规则。OMG的业务流程模型标记是一种图形化表达方式，常用于制造业务流程建模的规范化建模过程。预测模型标记语言（PMML）由数据挖掘组织（DMG）开发，是一种定义统计和数据挖掘模型的格式。PMML能够很好的用于制造运作管理层。决策模型与标记标准（DMN）是由OMG开发的用来弥合业务决策设计与决策实现之间的空隙的标准。OAGIS定义了一组通用的企业应用集成内容模型。

MOM level: Manufacturing operations management, or MOM, refers to applications that control plant level operations. Table 13 shows some important MOM level standards. IEC 62264 is an international standard for enterprise control system integration and is based upon ISA 95. IEC 62264 defines activity models, function models, and object models in the MOM domain. Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML), published by the MESA, is an implementation of IEC 62264 to link ERP and Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems with manufacturing systems such as Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES). ISO 22400 defines key performance indicators (KPIs) used in manufacturing operations management. QIF is a suite of standards enabling the flow of information within computer-aided quality measurement systems. PMML from DMG could be applied at this level to support MOM functions.

制造运作管理层：制造运作管理（MOM）是指控制工厂级运作的活动。表13列出了MOM层中的一些重要标准。IEC 62264是基于ISA 95的企业控制系统集成的国际标准。IEC 62264定义了制造运作管理领域的活动模型、功能模型和对象模型。由MESA发布的业务到制造标记语言（B2MML）是IEC 62264连接ERP和供应链管理（SCM）和制造系统（如制造执行系统MES）的具体实现。ISO 22400定义了制造运作管理的关键绩效指标（KPIs）。QIF 是一套用于计算机质量测量系统内部信息流的标准。DMG的PMML能够应用用于支持MOM层功能。

SCADA and Device level: SCADA-level (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) and device-level standards in Figure 5 are considered shop floor standards. While these levels were once more distinct, the distinction of interest now is between time and safety critical activities and non-time-critical activities. At shop floor level, there is usually an organized hierarchy of control systems consisting of HMI, PLC, and field components such as sensors and actuators. PLCs are usually connected to HMI via a non-time-critical communications system such as Ethernet/IP, DeviceNet, ControlNet, PROFINET, and EtherCAT. A fieldbus, such as PROFIBUS, CAN bus, HART and Modbus, links the PLCs to the field components. A serial communications protocol, Modbus is also often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in SCADA systems. While communication profiles of real-time Ethernet-based protocols like EtherCAT, PROFINET and Ethernet/IP are captured by IEC 61874, fieldbuses such as Foundation Fieldbus and PROFIBUS are specified in IEC 61158.

SCADA与设备层：图5中的SCADA层（监控与数据采集）和设备层标准作为车间标准考虑。这些层之间彼此不同，主要的差别在于在时间与安全要求的活动和非时间限制的活动。车间曾，一般被认为是由HMI、PLC和现场设备（如传感器和执行器）构成的控制系统的组织层级。PLC一般通过费时间限制通讯系统连接到HMI，如以太网/IP、设备网络、控制网、PROFINET和EtherCAT。现场总线，如PROFIBUS、CAN总线、HART和Modbus，连接PLC和现场设备。串行通讯协议Modbus常用于在SCADA系统中连接监管电脑和远程终端单元（RTU）。实时通讯协议参考IEC 61874，采用EtherCAT、PROFINET、Ethernet/IP等实时通讯协议。现场总线参考IEC 61158，采用Foundation Fieldbus、PROFIBUS等现场总线。

In addition to the communication protocols discussed above, there are several important integration standards linking shop floor control to MES and enterprise level systems, such as OPC and OPC UA (Unified Architecture), MTConnect, PackML and BatchML. OPC UA is an industrial machine-to-machine communication protocol based on Service-Oriented Architecture(SOA). Furthermore, OPC UA provides a flexible information model framework for creating and exposing customized information in a standard way, in those cases where users of OPC UA have agreed on the customizations. Some of these customizations are contained in companion standards for different application areas —— for example OPC UA for ISA 95, OPC UA for Field Device Integration(FDI), OPC UA for Analyzer Devices(ADI), and OPC for PLCOpen(IEC 61131-3). MTconnect is used to access real-time data from shop floor manufacturing equipment such as machine tools. ISA 88 is a standard for the batch processing industry, and defines the physical model, procedures, and recipes. It was adopted by the IEC in IEC 61512. PackML is a packing standard used in the batch proceesing industry as part of ISA 88 standards. BatchML is an implementation of ISA 88 for linking batch control system to MES. The standards supporting shop floor level manufacturing system are shown in Table 14.

有几个重要的连接车间、MES和企业级系统的集成标准，如OPC和OPC UA、MTConnect、PackML和BatchML。OPC UA是一个基于SOA架构的M2M工业通讯协议。OPC UA还提供一个柔性信息模型框架去创建和暴露定制化信息的标准，这样可以令OPC UA的用户达成定制化协议。有时定制化会包含其他应用领域的标准，如ISA 95的OPC UA、OPC UA现场设备集成（FDI）、OPC UA分析设备集成（ADI）、OPC for PLCOpen（IEC 61131-3）。MTConnect通常用于访问车间制造设备的实时数据。ISA 88是一个批生产标准，定义了物理模型、程序和配方。它被引入IEC 61512。PackML是批生产行业的包装标准，是ISA 88的一部分。B2MML是ISA 88的实现，用于连接批控制系统和MES。支持车间曾制造系统的标准见表14.

Cross-levels: As shown on the right side of Figure 5, several standards cross all the levels and define manufacturing system security, quality management processes, energy management, and environmental management. Table 15 lists several cross-level manufacturing standards. ISA/IEC-62443, formerly ISA 99, is a series of standards, technical reports, and related information that defines procedures for implementing electronically secure industrial automation and control systems. The concept of manufacturing and control systems electronic security is applied in the broadest possible sense, encompassing all types of plants, facilities, and systems in all industries. The ISO 9000 family of quality management systems standards is designed to help manufacturers ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product. ISO 50001 specifies the requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and improving energy management systems for a manufacturing business. ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management standards containing guidance on how to systematize and improve environmental management efforts.

贯穿层：图5右侧列出了几个标准贯穿了所有层级，定义了制造系统安全、质量管理过程、能源管理和环境管理。表15列出了几个贯穿层的制造标准。ISA/IEC 62443（原ISA 99）是一系列标准、技术报告和相关信息，它定义了实现工业自动化与控制系统电子安全的程序。制造与控制系统电子安全的概念延伸为广泛感知、涵盖所有类型的工厂、设施、及所有行业的系统。ISO 9000质量管理系统标准族，是用来帮助制造业者保障他们的产品质量达到的客户或相关干系人的需要，同时符合法律与监管要求。ISO 50001给出了为制造业务建立、实施、维护与改善能源管理系统的规范。ISO 14000是一系列环境管理标准，包括了指导系统化的改善管理管理效果。

3.6 Standards Adoption and the Related Issues/标准应用与相关问题

Standards play a big role in economic growth globally. Roughly, 80% of global merchandise trade is affected by standards and by regulations that embody standards [84]. In the United States, the economic impact of standards is not tracked[85]. Based on a UK study published in 2005, the Empirical Economics of Standards, standards make an annual contribution of 2.5 billion to the UK economy and 13% of the growth in labor productivity is attributed to the role of standardization[86]. A study of economic benifits of standardization undertaken by German Institute for Standardization(DIN) and the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Technology from 1997-2000 bsaed on 700 companies found the benefit of standards to the national economy is greater than $15 billion per year[87]. They also found that companies that participate in standards development have a head start on their competitors in adopting market demands and new technologies.

标准在全球经济增长中发挥了巨大的作用。大约80%的全球商业贸易受到了标准的影响或受到了体现标准的法规的影响[84]。在美国，标准的经济影响没有统计[85]。英国2005年发表的论文《标准的实证经济学》指出，标准每年可为英国经济贡献25亿并以标准化的形式提升13%的劳动效率[86]。另一份研究说明了标准化对经济的好处，据德国标准化机构（DIN）和德国联邦经济事务与技术部统计700家企业1997-2000年的统计数据，标准化每年为国家经济贡献超过150亿美元[87]。它们也发现企业是标准开发的主要参与者，标准开发能够帮助企业采用新技术和应对市场需求使它们领先于他们的竞争者。

Standards are key enablers for manufacturing. They provide a basis on which to bring together specialized expertise to create highly efficient manufacturing systems. The sum total of standardization efforts in the manufacturing field is immense. Standards provide data definitions, detailed models of the information relationships, and interface protocols for all three of the lifecycles we describe. They support product designs and management, production system design and operations, and integration into business value chains. These are the foundations on which information can flow throughout the levels of manufacturing control and between partners in the manufacturing enterprise including the various software vendors and device providers that participate by providing their expertise to these systems in the form of commercial products. Standards allow for a clear separation of concerns among the participants, effectively bringing down costs while increasing reliability and efficiency.

标准是制造的关键启动要素。它们提供了将不同专业整合成一个高效制造系统的依据。标准化对制造领域的影响是巨大的。标准提供了数据定义、信息关系的详细模型和我们所讨论的三大生命周期之间的结构协议。它们支持产品设计和管理、生产系统设计与运作、并将其整合进业务价值链中。然而这些建立在信息可以在制造控制各层间和制造企业的合作伙伴提供的专业系统之间畅通流转的基础上。标准可使参与者关注的各自专注的内容，有效地提高可靠性和效率和降低成本。

Across some of the lifecycles and in some industry sectors standards are more mature than in others. In discrete manufacturing, which is characterized by individual parts that are assembled into final products, standards along the product lifecycle are fairly well positioned to support Smart Manufacturing. In the world of continuous manufacturing, however, standards are not as well established for process product data management. Production systems engineering standards are more diversified and can typically be applied in both categories of manufacturing. Within the manufacturing pyramid, communication standards are well established but interoperability among systems is somewhat limited, meaning that manufacturers typically are locked into a single vendor solution. Along the business lifecycle, several well-established standards exist however; the level to which information is able to interconnect with the production systems is quite limited. Other gaps in the ability of standards to address smart manufacturing needs exist and are discussed in detail in next section.

经过一些生命周期和在一些行业领域的标准比其他的更加成熟。离散制造业的特征是将独立的零件组装成最终产品，产品生命周期的标准能够很好的支持离散行业的智能制造。在连续制造业中，标准并没有很好的支持流程产品数据管理。生产系统工程标准更加多样化，可以被用于这两类制造方式中。在制造金字塔中，通讯标准已经建立，单系统之间的互操作还存在限制，这意味着制造业者被锁定在一个单一供应商的解决方案里。根据业务生命周期，已经有不少已经建立的标准存在；但这层中能传递到生产系统的信息却非常有限。其他智能制造需要确定的弥补的标准能力将在下一节讨论。

Beyond the standards gaps two other barriers to standards adoption inhibit the growth of SMS.

越过限制智能制造标准采用缺口的两个障碍。

1) Lack of tracking of standards and standards adoption. The huge number of standards can be misleading, as many standards are never used. The number of standards that are actively being sold constitute a small part of those offered for sale, meaning many standards out there are not being used. In 1996, a NIST report identified 25-30% of the US standards as obsolete [83] and certainly, this number has grown. SDOs rarely inactivate standards once they have been published. The result is that manufacturers and their support network, in the form of software and device providers, are left trying to navigate the standards without a compass to help them find their way.

1）缺少标准和标准采用的跟踪。大量标准可能造成误导，有些标准可能从来就未被使用过。有些标准可以按构成部分销售，这意味着许多标准可能没有被使用过。在1996年，一份NIST的报告指出25~30%的美国标准是过时的[83]，当然这个数字仍在增长。标准制定组织（SDOs）很少关闭已经发布的标准。这导致了制造业者和它们的支持网络（以一种软件和设备供应商的形式）在没有指南针的帮助下寻找它们的道路。

2) Overlap and redundancy between standards. Three practices cause overlap and redundancy. First standards from national, regional, international standards systems are sometimes identical, equivalent or in some other way related resulting in confusion as to the most authoritative source. Secondly, standards in the same technical areas but in different application sectors are defined independently. For example, material-testing methods defined for different industry sectors sometimes are not consistent. For the US, the third redundancy comes from the pluralistic standards system. In a pluralistic standards system, no one body is sanctioned to provide standards. The system reflects cultural individualization and an ingrained belief in a market-driven economy. In US, there are 600 SDOs maintaining ongoing standardization programs. As the number of standards produced expands, more opportunity for overlap and redundancy results. Standards organizations are not only competing with one another to write standards, they are sometimes writing conflicting standards, thus defeating the purpose. In the words of an old programmer, “Are we creating spaghetti code in our standards?”

2）标准的重复和冗余。三个原因导致重复和冗余。第一，标准来自国家、地区、国际标准系统，有时会有相同、等价使用或一些相关性导致来自众多权威来源造成的困惑。第二，相同技术领域的标准在不同应用领域中被独立定义了。如金属测试方法在不同行业中是不一致的。在美国，第三个原因，冗余来自于多元化的标准系统。在这个多元化的标准系统中，没有人审批这些提交的标准。这个系统反映了个体化文化和市场经济根深蒂固的理念。在美国有600个标准制定组织维护着标准化程序的运行。随着一些标准的制定的扩大化，有更多的机会使标准变得重复和冗余。标准组织不仅仅要与另一家标准机构比标准的产量，它们有时还编写有争议的标准，抱着打击对方的目的。用一个老程序员的话说，“是我们在我们的标准中创造了意大利面代码吗？”

To tackle the issues of untracked and overlapping standards, harmonization and collaboration among SDOs are necessary. Harmonized standards as defined by ISO are “equivalent standards on the same subject approved by different standardization bodies that establish interchangeability of products, processes and services, mutual understanding of test results or information provided according to these standards" [94].

为应对未踪迹和部分重叠的标准的问题，标准制定组织之间的协调与合作是必须的。标准协调在ISO中的定义是“不同标准化主体批准的等同标准，建立产品、过程和服务的相互替换性，这些标准提供了成熟的理解下的测试结果和信息。”

Historically, there have been several attempts at standards harmonization. The first international harmonization occurred when ISO was formed in 1947. Before the World War II, standards throughout the world were national in scope, often set by government-funded national standards bodies. Standards were developed to serve a country's particular needs and to benefit the domestic supplier. However, standards for similar products approved by different national standards bodies create difficulties for global companies. Trade barriers result in that products designed for one market may be blocked out of other markets based on the different national requirements. ISO was created to facilitate trade by opening up the markets globally [91]. We now see a trend for many SDOs to be global. Many of the organizations we have mentioned have evolved into international organizations from their national origins, often dropping the original meanings of their acronymized names at the same time. In the US government policy shifted away from government specific standards (known as Federal Information Processing Standards or FIPS and United States Military Standards or MILSPECS) to adopting publically developed standards from SDOs. A decade ago, 80% of all standardization activities of the European standards bodies focused on national work, with the remainder related to international development efforts. Today, this ratio is reversed: 80% of standards work is international [88]. Where overlap exists between standards organizations, it is typical to have at least a liaison that is responsible for mediating differences. SDOs will often establish joint working groups as well.

历史上，在标准协调上曾有过多次尝试。第一次国际标准协调由ISO在1947年发起的。在二次大战前，世界标准产出是以国家为主的，以由政府设立的标准化主体为主。标准的研制是为了满足国家的特定需要或有利于其国内的供应商。但是，采用不同国家的标准的相似产品很难产生全球化的公司。结果造成为一个市场的产品设计被基于不同国家需求的其他市场所拒绝，形成了贸易壁垒。ISO是为了在开放的全球化市场条件下的便捷贸易而产生的[91]。我们现在喊到许多标准化组织全球化的趋势。我们注意到很多组织已经从它们的国家性质进化为国际性组织，同时去掉了它们名称中原有的区域性含义。在美国政府的政策移除了政府性规范标准（如我们所知的联邦信息过程标准/FIPS及美国军队标准/MILSPECS）换而采用由标准化组织公开制定的标准。十年前，欧洲标准化组织所有的标准化活动中，80%集中在国家的工作，剩余的才是与国际化有关的尝试。今天，这个比例已经反了过来，80%的标准化工作是国际化的[88]。存在于标准化组织之间的的重叠部分，一种典型的方式是至少安排一位联络人负责协调标准之间的不同。标准化组织应建立共同工作组共同工作。

To summarize, in this age of smart manufacturing demands for further standards harmonization and a proactive way to develop and implement ubiquitous standards are greater than ever before. For manufacturers to embrace emerging information and communication technology, serve global markets and innovative business models, and provide rapid evolutions of product designs and new technology, strong standards underpinnings that are clear and unambiguous are needed. The standards landscape presented here identifies areas of technical interaction between the different standards efforts.

总之，在智能制造时代比过去要求标准更加协调，以更积极的方式研制普适标准。对制造业者要拥抱新兴的信息与通讯技术、不同全球化市场和创新商业模式、并提供产品和新技术的快速换代、巩固标准基础使它们的使用清晰明确。这份标准体系到此识别了在不同标准活动之间技术互动的不同领域。

⁷:In the interest of brevity, we do not provide references for every standard described. They are easily accessible through an Internet search. 为了使文字更为简洁，我们没有提供所有标准描述的参考资料。它们很容易通过互联网搜索找到。